{"id":652,"date":"2020-09-24T00:56:04","date_gmt":"2020-09-23T22:56:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/?page_id=652"},"modified":"2022-09-16T18:06:14","modified_gmt":"2022-09-16T16:06:14","slug":"in-english","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/?page_id=652","title":{"rendered":"About the MESZ I (in English)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hungary\u2019s first operating digital programmable computer, the &#8220;MESZ I&#8221;, was completed in 1958. (The first operational <i>electronic <\/i>computer in Hungary was an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.computer-museum.ru\/english\/m3.htm\">M-3<\/a> vacuum tube computer <a href=\"https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%E2%80%933\">somewhat redesigned and built in Budapest<\/a> just a little bit after MESZ I)<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"bwg-style-0\">    #bwg_container1_0 #bwg_container2_0 .bwg-container-0.bwg-standard-thumbnails {      width: 1254px;              justify-content: center;        margin:0 auto !important;              background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00);            padding-left: 4px;      padding-top: 4px;      max-width: 100%;            }        #bwg_container1_0 #bwg_container2_0 .bwg-container-0.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item {    justify-content: flex-start;      max-width: 250px;          }    #bwg_container1_0 #bwg_container2_0 .bwg-container-0.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item a {       margin-right: 4px;       margin-bottom: 4px;    }    #bwg_container1_0 #bwg_container2_0 .bwg-container-0.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item0 {      padding: 0px; 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           });            jQuery('.next-page-0').on('click', function () {              spider_page_0(this, 1, 1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.last-page-0').on('click', function () {              spider_page_0(this, 1, 2, 'numeric');              return false;            });        \t\t\t\t\/* Change page on input enter. *\/        function bwg_change_page_0( e, that ) {          if (  e.key == 'Enter' ) {            var to_page = parseInt(jQuery(that).val());            var pages_count = jQuery(that).parents(\".pagination-links\").data(\"pages-count\");            var current_url_param = jQuery(that).attr('data-url-info');            if (to_page > pages_count) {              to_page = 1;            }\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tspider_page_0(this, to_page, 0, 'numeric');\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\t\t\t\t\t\t          }          return true;        }        jQuery('.bwg_load_btn_0').on('click', function () {            spider_page_0(this, 1, 1, true);            return false;        });      <\/script>      <\/span>                <\/div>        <\/form>        <style>          #bwg_container1_0 #bwg_container2_0 #spider_popup_overlay_0 {          background-color: #EEEEEE;          opacity: 0.60;          }          <\/style>        <div id=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading_0\" class=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading\"><\/div>        <div id=\"spider_popup_overlay_0\" class=\"spider_popup_overlay\" onclick=\"spider_destroypopup(1000)\"><\/div>        <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bwg_random_seed_0\" value=\"2051216475\">                <\/div>    <\/div>    <script>      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {        if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {          if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\").height() ) {            bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\"));          }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_0\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Currently the MESZ I can be visited in a museum in Budapest (<a href=\"https:\/\/mmkm.hu\/en\/institutions?tid=12\">Technical Study Stores, The Hungarian Museum of Science, Technology and Transport<\/a>). It is not operational, yet, fortunately it is in good condition. The reason for this is partially that its relays are rather worn out, and partially that the cables connecting the cabinets were removed when it was relocated to the museum.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Our mission<\/h2>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The aim of our team is to rediscover and understand the operation of the computer in order to create a MESZ I emulator on a present-day device. It should be an easy task to write such a software, but unfortunately we do not know exactly how the machine functioned, as all the detailed documentation seems to be lost. Only a few overview articles have been found. The best one, which happens to be in English, <a href=\"https:\/\/pp.bme.hu\/ee\/article\/view\/5399\">is accessible here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We are looking for people who were present at the construction and installation of the computer, who used it, or are acquainted with the applied technologies. We will continue to look for documentation and anything else that could be of use; however, the most expedient approach is to reverse-engineer the computer by tracing the cabling of the relays.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is an enormous challenge that we do in our free time and thus progress is rather slow. Nevertheless, we already have some encouraging results. We dedicated this website to share these findings with those who are interested.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Brief History of MESZ I<\/h2>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The MESZ I was designed and mostly built by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kozma\">Professor L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kozma<\/a> (1902-1983), the head of the Department of Wired Telecommunications at the Budapest University of Technology, and later the dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Between 1930 and 1942 he worked at the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company in Antwerp, Belgium. Kozma was involved with the development of new telephone exchanges and with designing calculators from telephone exchange relays as well. 37 single and co-authored patents bear his name. Amidst the storms of WW2, Kozma returned to Hungary in 1942. After surviving the hardships he faced during the war due to his Jewish heritage, his troubles continued when the newly established communist regime in Hungary imprisoned him on fabricated charges. However, his talents were eventually appreciated and he was appointed as a head of department at the newly established Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Budapest University of Technology in 1954.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kozma began to design the computer around 1955. It was built during 1957-58 and was documented to be in operation by November of 1958. It was in use until around 1966, then, in early 1967, it was relocated to the <a href=\"https:\/\/mmkm.hu\/en\/institutions?tid=12\">museum<\/a> where it is located to this day.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The computer was installed in the building &#8220;St&#8221; of the Budapest University of Technology. Next to the main entrance of the building a plaque and a relief commemorates the machine and its constructor. In addition, his pioneering work at the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company and on the MESZ I was posthumously recognized with the prestigious <a href=\"https:\/\/www.computer.org\/profiles\/laszlo-kozma\">IEEE Computer Pioneer Award<\/a> in 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"bwg-style-1\">    #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .bwg-container-1.bwg-standard-thumbnails {      width: 1254px;              justify-content: center;        margin:0 auto !important;              background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00);            padding-left: 4px;      padding-top: 4px;      max-width: 100%;            }        #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .bwg-container-1.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item {    justify-content: flex-start;      max-width: 250px;          }    #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .bwg-container-1.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item a {       margin-right: 4px;       margin-bottom: 4px;    }    #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .bwg-container-1.bwg-standard-thumbnails 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src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/emlektabla1.jpg?bwg=1599515991\"                   alt=\"\"                   title=\"\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">&nbsp;<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>          <\/div>    <style>      \/*pagination styles*\/      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 {\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tmargin: 6px 0 4px;\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;      }      @media only screen and (max-width : 320px) {      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .displaying-num_1 {     \t display: none;      }      }      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .displaying-num_1 {\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tmargin-right: 10px;\t\t\t\tvertical-align: middle;      }      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .paging-input_1 {\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tvertical-align: middle;      }      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 a.disabled,      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 a.disabled:hover,      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 a.disabled:focus,\t\t\t#bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 input.bwg_current_page {\t\t\t\tcursor: default;\t\t\t\tcolor: rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5);      }      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 a,      #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 .tablenav-pages_1 input.bwg_current_page {\t\t\t\tcursor: pointer;\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\ttext-decoration: none;\t\t\t\tpadding: 3px 6px;\t\t\t\tmargin: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-radius: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-style: solid;\t\t\t\tborder-width: 1px;\t\t\t\tborder-color: #E3E3E3;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.00);\t\t\t\tbox-shadow: 0;\t\t\t\ttransition: all 0.3s ease 0s;-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;      }      <\/style>      <span class=\"bwg_nav_cont_1\">              <div class=\"tablenav-pages_1\">                  <\/div>                <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"page_number_1\" name=\"page_number_1\" value=\"1\" \/>      <script type=\"text\/javascript\">        if( jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_1').length > 1 ) {          jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_1').first().remove()        }        function spider_page_1(cur, x, y, load_more) {          if (typeof load_more == \"undefined\") {            var load_more = false;          }          if (jQuery(cur).hasClass('disabled')) {            return false;          }          var items_county_1 = 1;          switch (y) {            case 1:              if (x >= items_county_1) {                document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = items_county_1;              }              else {                document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = x + 1;              }              break;            case 2:              document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = items_county_1;              break;            case -1:              if (x == 1) {                document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = 1;              }              else {                document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = x - 1;              }              break;            case -2:              document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = 1;              break;\t\t\t\t\t\tcase 0:              document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = x;              break;            default:              document.getElementById('page_number_1').value = 1;          }          bwg_ajax('gal_front_form_1', '1', 'bwg_thumbnails_1', '0', '', 'gallery', 0, '', '', load_more, '', 1);        }                    jQuery('.first-page-1').on('click', function () {              spider_page_1(this, 1, -2, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.prev-page-1').on('click', function () {              spider_page_1(this, 1, -1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.next-page-1').on('click', function () {              spider_page_1(this, 1, 1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.last-page-1').on('click', function () {              spider_page_1(this, 1, 2, 'numeric');              return false;            });        \t\t\t\t\/* Change page on input enter. *\/        function bwg_change_page_1( e, that ) {          if (  e.key == 'Enter' ) {            var to_page = parseInt(jQuery(that).val());            var pages_count = jQuery(that).parents(\".pagination-links\").data(\"pages-count\");            var current_url_param = jQuery(that).attr('data-url-info');            if (to_page > pages_count) {              to_page = 1;            }\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tspider_page_1(this, to_page, 0, 'numeric');\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\t\t\t\t\t\t          }          return true;        }        jQuery('.bwg_load_btn_1').on('click', function () {            spider_page_1(this, 1, 1, true);            return false;        });      <\/script>      <\/span>                <\/div>        <\/form>        <style>          #bwg_container1_1 #bwg_container2_1 #spider_popup_overlay_1 {          background-color: #EEEEEE;          opacity: 0.60;          }          <\/style>        <div id=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading_1\" class=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading\"><\/div>        <div id=\"spider_popup_overlay_1\" class=\"spider_popup_overlay\" onclick=\"spider_destroypopup(1000)\"><\/div>        <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bwg_random_seed_1\" value=\"2005236582\">                <\/div>    <\/div>    <script>      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {        if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {          if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_1\").height() ) {            bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_1\"));          }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_1\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_1\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The MESZ I acronym stands for \u201cthe first electronic calculator of the University of Technology\u201d (I stands for the roman numeral 1). Although we call it a computer today, the word did not yet exist in Hungarian at the time.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Application of the MESZ I<\/h2>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The MESZ I was built for educational purposes. Kozma\u2019s aim was to demonstrate the operation of digital circuit design, which was already prevalent in the control of telephone exchanges.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The programs written for the MESZ I included a cubic equation solver, a schedule maker for the first division of the national soccer championship, and even a rather simple Russian-Hungarian translator. Although it was not primarily designed to, it was used in research and development projects as well&#8211;for example, it was used during the dimensioning of the Hungarian-made telephone exchanges that were installed in Cuba.<\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Architecture<\/h2>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The computer was built mainly from telephone exchange parts, both because these were readily available and because of Kozma\u2019s familiarity with them. Its main components were the relays, more precisely the Hungarian version of the American Western Electric\u2019s \u201cR\u201d type flat type relays. The usage of relays fit the didactical purpose of the machine perfectly, as their operations are visible to the naked eye as well. In addition, the cabinets have see-through glass doors in order to make these observations possible. As the operation of the machine could be paused after each step, the internal workings of the computer could be followed throughout the execution of the program.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The MESZ I consists of four cabinets of relays, each containing 648 relays in 27 columns and 24 rows. Thus, the whole computer contains about 2600 relays altogether.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first cabinet is the memory with the capacity to store twelve words of 33 bits each. In contemporary terminology, this is just below 50 bytes in the space of a wardrobe! Staying with the modern terminology, the second and third cabinets function as the processor (CPU). The fourth cabinet was made subsequently in 1960 to hold an additional 12 words and thus double the memory of the MESZ I.<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"bwg-style-2\">    #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails {      width: 1254px;              justify-content: center;        margin:0 auto !important;              background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00);            padding-left: 4px;      padding-top: 4px;      max-width: 100%;            }        #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item {    justify-content: flex-start;      max-width: 250px;          }    #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item a {       margin-right: 4px;       margin-bottom: 4px;    }    #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item0 {      padding: 0px;            background-color:rgba(0,0,0, 0.30);      border: 0px none #CCCCCC;      opacity: 1.00;  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font-family: Ubuntu;      font-size: 16px;      font-weight: bold;      padding: 2px;      text-shadow: ;      max-height: 100%;    }    #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-thumb-description span {    color: #323A45;    font-family: Ubuntu;    font-size: 12px;    max-height: 100%;    word-wrap: break-word;    }    #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-play-icon2 {      font-size: 32px;    }    #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .bwg-container-2.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-ecommerce2 {      font-size: 19.2px;      color: #323A45;    }    <\/style>    <div id=\"bwg_container1_2\"         class=\"bwg_container bwg_thumbnail bwg_thumbnails \"         data-right-click-protection=\"0\"         data-bwg=\"2\"         data-scroll=\"0\"         data-gallery-type=\"thumbnails\"         data-gallery-view-type=\"thumbnails\"         data-current-url=\"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F652\"         data-lightbox-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=GalleryBox&#038;current_view=2&#038;gallery_id=21&#038;tag=0&#038;theme_id=1&#038;shortcode_id=45&#038;sort_by=order&#038;order_by=asc&#038;current_url=%2Findex.php%3Frest_route%3D%252Fwp%252Fv2%252Fpages%252F652\"         data-gallery-id=\"21\"         data-popup-width=\"800\"         data-popup-height=\"500\"         data-is-album=\"gallery\"         data-buttons-position=\"bottom\">      <div id=\"bwg_container2_2\">             <div id=\"ajax_loading_2\" class=\"bwg_loading_div_1\">      <div class=\"bwg_loading_div_2\">        <div class=\"bwg_loading_div_3\">          <div id=\"loading_div_2\" class=\"bwg_spider_ajax_loading\">          <\/div>        <\/div>      <\/div>    <\/div>            <form id=\"gal_front_form_2\"              class=\"bwg-hidden\"              method=\"post\"              action=\"#\"              data-current=\"2\"              data-shortcode-id=\"45\"              data-gallery-type=\"thumbnails\"              data-gallery-id=\"21\"              data-tag=\"0\"              data-album-id=\"0\"              data-theme-id=\"1\"              data-ajax-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=bwg_frontend_data\">          <div id=\"bwg_container3_2\" class=\"bwg-background bwg-background-2\">                <div data-max-count=\"5\"         data-thumbnail-width=\"250\"         data-bwg=\"2\"         data-gallery-id=\"21\"         data-lightbox-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=GalleryBox&amp;current_view=2&amp;gallery_id=21&amp;tag=0&amp;theme_id=1&amp;shortcode_id=45&amp;sort_by=order&amp;order_by=asc&amp;current_url=%2Findex.php%3Frest_route%3D%252Fwp%252Fv2%252Fpages%252F652\"         id=\"bwg_thumbnails_2\"         class=\"bwg-container-2 bwg-thumbnails bwg-standard-thumbnails bwg-container bwg-border-box\">            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"117\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/szekreny_2.jpg?bwg=1599515182\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_2 \"                   data-id=\"117\"                   data-width=\"500\"                   data-height=\"370\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/szekreny_2.jpg?bwg=1599515182\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/szekreny_2.jpg?bwg=1599515182\"                   alt=\"The back of the top half of the memory cabinet\"                   title=\"The back of the top half of the memory cabinet\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">The back of the top half of the memory cabinet<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"116\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/szekreny_1.jpg?bwg=1599515182\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_2 \"                   data-id=\"116\"                   data-width=\"500\"                   data-height=\"333\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/szekreny_1.jpg?bwg=1599515182\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/szekreny_1.jpg?bwg=1599515182\"                   alt=\"The front of the top half of the memory cabinet\"                   title=\"The front of the top half of the memory cabinet\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">The front of the top half of the memory cabinet<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>          <\/div>    <style>      \/*pagination styles*\/      #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .tablenav-pages_2 {\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tmargin: 6px 0 4px;\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;      }      @media only screen and (max-width : 320px) {      #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 .displaying-num_2 {  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pointer;\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\ttext-decoration: none;\t\t\t\tpadding: 3px 6px;\t\t\t\tmargin: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-radius: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-style: solid;\t\t\t\tborder-width: 1px;\t\t\t\tborder-color: #E3E3E3;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.00);\t\t\t\tbox-shadow: 0;\t\t\t\ttransition: all 0.3s ease 0s;-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;      }      <\/style>      <span class=\"bwg_nav_cont_2\">              <div class=\"tablenav-pages_2\">                  <\/div>                <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"page_number_2\" name=\"page_number_2\" value=\"1\" \/>      <script type=\"text\/javascript\">        if( jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_2').length > 1 ) {          jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_2').first().remove()        }        function spider_page_2(cur, x, y, load_more) {          if (typeof load_more == \"undefined\") {            var load_more = false;        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break;            default:              document.getElementById('page_number_2').value = 1;          }          bwg_ajax('gal_front_form_2', '2', 'bwg_thumbnails_2', '0', '', 'gallery', 0, '', '', load_more, '', 1);        }                    jQuery('.first-page-2').on('click', function () {              spider_page_2(this, 1, -2, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.prev-page-2').on('click', function () {              spider_page_2(this, 1, -1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.next-page-2').on('click', function () {              spider_page_2(this, 1, 1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.last-page-2').on('click', function () {              spider_page_2(this, 1, 2, 'numeric');              return false;            });        \t\t\t\t\/* Change page on input enter. *\/        function bwg_change_page_2( e, that ) {          if (  e.key == 'Enter' ) {            var to_page = parseInt(jQuery(that).val());            var pages_count = jQuery(that).parents(\".pagination-links\").data(\"pages-count\");            var current_url_param = jQuery(that).attr('data-url-info');            if (to_page > pages_count) {              to_page = 1;            }\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tspider_page_2(this, to_page, 0, 'numeric');\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\t\t\t\t\t\t          }          return true;        }        jQuery('.bwg_load_btn_2').on('click', function () {            spider_page_2(this, 1, 1, true);            return false;        });      <\/script>      <\/span>                <\/div>        <\/form>        <style>          #bwg_container1_2 #bwg_container2_2 #spider_popup_overlay_2 {          background-color: #EEEEEE;          opacity: 0.60;          }          <\/style>        <div id=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading_2\" class=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading\"><\/div>        <div id=\"spider_popup_overlay_2\" class=\"spider_popup_overlay\" onclick=\"spider_destroypopup(1000)\"><\/div>        <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bwg_random_seed_2\" value=\"372076166\">                <\/div>    <\/div>    <script>      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {        if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {          if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_2\").height() ) {            bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_2\"));          }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_2\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_2\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The control desk was made out of a school desk. It contained the following: meters for the power supply, a program card reader, a data input unit, a \u201cdebugger\u201d module, a simple program counter, and a printer as an output device.<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"bwg-style-3\">    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails {      width: 1254px;              justify-content: center;        margin:0 auto !important;              background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00);            padding-left: 4px;      padding-top: 4px;      max-width: 100%;            }        #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item {    justify-content: flex-start;      max-width: 250px;          }    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item a {       margin-right: 4px;       margin-bottom: 4px;    }    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item0 {      padding: 0px;            background-color:rgba(0,0,0, 0.30);      border: 0px none #CCCCCC;      opacity: 1.00;      border-radius: 0;      box-shadow: ;    }    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 img {      max-height: none;      max-width: none;      padding: 0 !important;    }         @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) {\t\t#bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 img {\t\t\t-webkit-transition: all .3s; transition: all .3s;\t\t}\t\t#bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 img:hover {\t\t\t-ms-transform: scale(1.08);\t\t\t-webkit-transform: scale(1.08);\t\t\ttransform: scale(1.08);\t\t}\t\t      }\t    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 {      padding-top: 56%;    }        #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-title2,    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-ecommerce2 {      color: #323A45;      font-family: Ubuntu;      font-size: 16px;      font-weight: bold;      padding: 2px;      text-shadow: ;      max-height: 100%;    }    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-thumb-description span {    color: #323A45;    font-family: Ubuntu;    font-size: 12px;    max-height: 100%;    word-wrap: break-word;    }    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-play-icon2 {      font-size: 32px;    }    #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .bwg-container-3.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-ecommerce2 {      font-size: 19.2px;      color: #323A45;    }    <\/style>    <div id=\"bwg_container1_3\"         class=\"bwg_container bwg_thumbnail bwg_thumbnails \"         data-right-click-protection=\"0\"         data-bwg=\"3\"         data-scroll=\"0\"         data-gallery-type=\"thumbnails\"         data-gallery-view-type=\"thumbnails\"         data-current-url=\"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F652\"         data-lightbox-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=GalleryBox&#038;current_view=3&#038;gallery_id=20&#038;tag=0&#038;theme_id=1&#038;shortcode_id=47&#038;sort_by=order&#038;order_by=asc&#038;current_url=%2Findex.php%3Frest_route%3D%252Fwp%252Fv2%252Fpages%252F652\"         data-gallery-id=\"20\"         data-popup-width=\"800\"         data-popup-height=\"500\"         data-is-album=\"gallery\"         data-buttons-position=\"bottom\">      <div id=\"bwg_container2_3\">             <div id=\"ajax_loading_3\" class=\"bwg_loading_div_1\">      <div class=\"bwg_loading_div_2\">        <div class=\"bwg_loading_div_3\">          <div id=\"loading_div_3\" class=\"bwg_spider_ajax_loading\">          <\/div>        <\/div>      <\/div>    <\/div>            <form id=\"gal_front_form_3\"              class=\"bwg-hidden\"              method=\"post\"              action=\"#\"              data-current=\"3\"              data-shortcode-id=\"47\"              data-gallery-type=\"thumbnails\"              data-gallery-id=\"20\"              data-tag=\"0\"              data-album-id=\"0\"              data-theme-id=\"1\"              data-ajax-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=bwg_frontend_data\">          <div id=\"bwg_container3_3\" class=\"bwg-background bwg-background-3\">                <div data-max-count=\"5\"         data-thumbnail-width=\"250\"         data-bwg=\"3\"         data-gallery-id=\"20\"         data-lightbox-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=GalleryBox&amp;current_view=3&amp;gallery_id=20&amp;tag=0&amp;theme_id=1&amp;shortcode_id=47&amp;sort_by=order&amp;order_by=asc&amp;current_url=%2Findex.php%3Frest_route%3D%252Fwp%252Fv2%252Fpages%252F652\"         id=\"bwg_thumbnails_3\"         class=\"bwg-container-3 bwg-thumbnails bwg-standard-thumbnails bwg-container bwg-border-box\">            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"115\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/tapegyseg.jpg?bwg=1599515272\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_3 \"                   data-id=\"115\"                   data-width=\"375\"                   data-height=\"500\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/tapegyseg.jpg?bwg=1599515272\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/tapegyseg.jpg?bwg=1599515272\"                   alt=\"Power Supply Unit\"                   title=\"Power Supply Unit\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">Power Supply Unit<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>          <\/div>    <style>      \/*pagination styles*\/      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 {\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tmargin: 6px 0 4px;\t\t\t\tdisplay: block;      }      @media only screen and (max-width : 320px) {      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .displaying-num_3 {     \t display: none;      }      }      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .displaying-num_3 {\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tmargin-right: 10px;\t\t\t\tvertical-align: middle;      }      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .paging-input_3 {\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\tvertical-align: middle;      }      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 a.disabled,      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 a.disabled:hover,      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 a.disabled:focus,\t\t\t#bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 input.bwg_current_page {\t\t\t\tcursor: default;\t\t\t\tcolor: rgba(102, 102, 102, 0.5);      }      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 a,      #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 .tablenav-pages_3 input.bwg_current_page {\t\t\t\tcursor: pointer;\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\tfont-size: 12px;\t\t\t\tfont-family: Ubuntu;\t\t\t\tfont-weight: bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\ttext-decoration: none;\t\t\t\tpadding: 3px 6px;\t\t\t\tmargin: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-radius: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-style: solid;\t\t\t\tborder-width: 1px;\t\t\t\tborder-color: #E3E3E3;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.00);\t\t\t\tbox-shadow: 0;\t\t\t\ttransition: all 0.3s ease 0s;-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;      }      <\/style>      <span class=\"bwg_nav_cont_3\">              <div class=\"tablenav-pages_3\">                  <\/div>                <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"page_number_3\" name=\"page_number_3\" value=\"1\" \/>      <script type=\"text\/javascript\">        if( jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_3').length > 1 ) {          jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_3').first().remove()        }        function spider_page_3(cur, x, y, load_more) {          if (typeof load_more == \"undefined\") {            var load_more = false;          }          if (jQuery(cur).hasClass('disabled')) {            return false;          }          var items_county_3 = 1;          switch (y) {            case 1:              if (x >= items_county_3) {                document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = items_county_3;              }              else {                document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = x + 1;              }              break;            case 2:              document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = items_county_3;              break;            case -1:              if (x == 1) {                document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = 1;              }              else {                document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = x - 1;              }              break;            case -2:              document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = 1;              break;\t\t\t\t\t\tcase 0:              document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = x;              break;            default:              document.getElementById('page_number_3').value = 1;          }          bwg_ajax('gal_front_form_3', '3', 'bwg_thumbnails_3', '0', '', 'gallery', 0, '', '', load_more, '', 1);        }                    jQuery('.first-page-3').on('click', function () {              spider_page_3(this, 1, -2, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.prev-page-3').on('click', function () {              spider_page_3(this, 1, -1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.next-page-3').on('click', function () {              spider_page_3(this, 1, 1, 'numeric');              return false;            });            jQuery('.last-page-3').on('click', function () {              spider_page_3(this, 1, 2, 'numeric');              return false;            });        \t\t\t\t\/* Change page on input enter. *\/        function bwg_change_page_3( e, that ) {          if (  e.key == 'Enter' ) {            var to_page = parseInt(jQuery(that).val());            var pages_count = jQuery(that).parents(\".pagination-links\").data(\"pages-count\");            var current_url_param = jQuery(that).attr('data-url-info');            if (to_page > pages_count) {              to_page = 1;            }\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tspider_page_3(this, to_page, 0, 'numeric');\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\t\t\t\t\t\t          }          return true;        }        jQuery('.bwg_load_btn_3').on('click', function () {            spider_page_3(this, 1, 1, true);            return false;        });      <\/script>      <\/span>                <\/div>        <\/form>        <style>          #bwg_container1_3 #bwg_container2_3 #spider_popup_overlay_3 {          background-color: #EEEEEE;          opacity: 0.60;          }          <\/style>        <div id=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading_3\" class=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading\"><\/div>        <div id=\"spider_popup_overlay_3\" class=\"spider_popup_overlay\" onclick=\"spider_destroypopup(1000)\"><\/div>        <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bwg_random_seed_3\" value=\"1224276965\">                <\/div>    <\/div>    <script>      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {        if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {          if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_3\").height() ) {            bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_3\"));          }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_3\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_3\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <em>program card reader<\/em> is a unique design, which, due to its appearance, we simply call \u201cthe waffle maker.\u201d It can read one card at a time. The <em>data input unit<\/em> is a keyboard made out of telephone exchange parts, and a few push-button controllers. These were used to enter the input parameters during the program\u2019s run, and probably to start the program as well.&nbsp; The <em>debugger<\/em> could be used to pause the program execution, and to run it one step at a time. It is connected to the desk with a long cable, so it could be brought all the way to the cabinets and follow the states and operations of the relays step-by-step. The <em>program counter<\/em> is a string of lights at the back end of the table. One can keep track of the program execution as every light represents one step in the program. Since a program card could hold 45 instructions, there are 45 lights in the control desk. Finally, the <em>output device <\/em>is essentially a rather old (even at the time) electric typewriter. In order to function as a printer, magnets were installed under numeric and some other important keys, which were controlled by the computer.<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"bwg-style-4\">    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails {      width: 1254px;              justify-content: center;        margin:0 auto !important;              background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00);            padding-left: 4px;      padding-top: 4px;      max-width: 100%;            }        #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item {    justify-content: flex-start;      max-width: 250px;          }    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item a {       margin-right: 4px;       margin-bottom: 4px;    }    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item0 {      padding: 0px;            background-color:rgba(0,0,0, 0.30);      border: 0px none #CCCCCC;      opacity: 1.00;      border-radius: 0;      box-shadow: ;    }    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 img {      max-height: none;      max-width: none;      padding: 0 !important;    }         @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) {\t\t#bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 img {\t\t\t-webkit-transition: all .3s; transition: all .3s;\t\t}\t\t#bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 img:hover {\t\t\t-ms-transform: scale(1.08);\t\t\t-webkit-transform: scale(1.08);\t\t\ttransform: scale(1.08);\t\t}\t\t      }\t    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item1 {      padding-top: 56%;    }        #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-title2,    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-ecommerce2 {      color: #323A45;      font-family: Ubuntu;      font-size: 16px;      font-weight: bold;      padding: 2px;      text-shadow: ;      max-height: 100%;    }    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-thumb-description span {    color: #323A45;    font-family: Ubuntu;    font-size: 12px;    max-height: 100%;    word-wrap: break-word;    }    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-play-icon2 {      font-size: 32px;    }    #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 .bwg-container-4.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-ecommerce2 {      font-size: 19.2px;      color: #323A45;    }    <\/style>    <div id=\"bwg_container1_4\"         class=\"bwg_container bwg_thumbnail bwg_thumbnails \"         data-right-click-protection=\"0\"         data-bwg=\"4\"         data-scroll=\"0\"         data-gallery-type=\"thumbnails\"         data-gallery-view-type=\"thumbnails\"         data-current-url=\"\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F652\"         data-lightbox-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=GalleryBox&#038;current_view=4&#038;gallery_id=19&#038;tag=0&#038;theme_id=1&#038;shortcode_id=46&#038;sort_by=order&#038;order_by=asc&#038;current_url=%2Findex.php%3Frest_route%3D%252Fwp%252Fv2%252Fpages%252F652\"         data-gallery-id=\"19\"         data-popup-width=\"800\"         data-popup-height=\"500\"         data-is-album=\"gallery\"         data-buttons-position=\"bottom\">      <div id=\"bwg_container2_4\">             <div id=\"ajax_loading_4\" class=\"bwg_loading_div_1\">      <div class=\"bwg_loading_div_2\">        <div class=\"bwg_loading_div_3\">          <div id=\"loading_div_4\" class=\"bwg_spider_ajax_loading\">          <\/div>        <\/div>      <\/div>    <\/div>            <form id=\"gal_front_form_4\"              class=\"bwg-hidden\"              method=\"post\"              action=\"#\"              data-current=\"4\"              data-shortcode-id=\"46\"              data-gallery-type=\"thumbnails\"              data-gallery-id=\"19\"              data-tag=\"0\"              data-album-id=\"0\"              data-theme-id=\"1\"              data-ajax-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=bwg_frontend_data\">          <div id=\"bwg_container3_4\" class=\"bwg-background bwg-background-4\">                <div data-max-count=\"5\"         data-thumbnail-width=\"250\"         data-bwg=\"4\"         data-gallery-id=\"19\"         data-lightbox-url=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=GalleryBox&amp;current_view=4&amp;gallery_id=19&amp;tag=0&amp;theme_id=1&amp;shortcode_id=46&amp;sort_by=order&amp;order_by=asc&amp;current_url=%2Findex.php%3Frest_route%3D%252Fwp%252Fv2%252Fpages%252F652\"         id=\"bwg_thumbnails_4\"         class=\"bwg-container-4 bwg-thumbnails bwg-standard-thumbnails bwg-container bwg-border-box\">            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"110\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/1_tap_muszerek.jpg?bwg=1599515336\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_4 \"                   data-id=\"110\"                   data-width=\"500\"                   data-height=\"375\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/1_tap_muszerek.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/1_tap_muszerek.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   alt=\"Meters for the PSU\"                   title=\"Meters for the PSU\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">Meters for the PSU<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"114\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/2_gofrisuto.jpg?bwg=1599515336\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_4 \"                   data-id=\"114\"                   data-width=\"437\"                   data-height=\"500\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/2_gofrisuto.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/2_gofrisuto.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   alt=\"Program Card Reader\"                   title=\"Program Card Reader\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">Program Card Reader<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"113\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/3_adatbevitel.jpg?bwg=1599515336\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_4 \"                   data-id=\"113\"                   data-width=\"375\"                   data-height=\"500\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/3_adatbevitel.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/3_adatbevitel.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   alt=\"Data Input Unit\"                   title=\"Data Input Unit\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">Data Input Unit<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"112\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/4_debugger_lampak.jpg?bwg=1599515336\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_4 \"                   data-id=\"112\"                   data-width=\"500\"                   data-height=\"338\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/4_debugger_lampak.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/4_debugger_lampak.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   alt=\"Data Input Unit, Debugger Unit and the bulbs of the Program Counter in the background\"                   title=\"Data Input Unit, Debugger Unit and the bulbs of the Program Counter in the background\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">Data Input Unit, Debugger Unit and the bulbs of the Program Counter in the background<\/div><\/div>        <\/a>              <\/div>            <div class=\"bwg-item\">        <a class=\"bwg-a  bwg_lightbox\"  data-image-id=\"111\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/5_irogep.jpg?bwg=1599515336\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">                <div class=\"bwg-item0 \">          <div class=\"bwg-item1 \">            <div class=\"bwg-item2\">              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy bwg_standart_thumb_img_4 \"                   data-id=\"111\"                   data-width=\"500\"                   data-height=\"333\"                   data-src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/photo-gallery\/imported_from_media_libray\/thumb\/5_irogep.jpg?bwg=1599515336\"                   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bold;\t\t\t\tcolor: #666666;\t\t\t\ttext-decoration: none;\t\t\t\tpadding: 3px 6px;\t\t\t\tmargin: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-radius: 0;\t\t\t\tborder-style: solid;\t\t\t\tborder-width: 1px;\t\t\t\tborder-color: #E3E3E3;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.00);\t\t\t\tbox-shadow: 0;\t\t\t\ttransition: all 0.3s ease 0s;-webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;      }      <\/style>      <span class=\"bwg_nav_cont_4\">              <div class=\"tablenav-pages_4\">                  <\/div>                <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"page_number_4\" name=\"page_number_4\" value=\"1\" \/>      <script type=\"text\/javascript\">        if( jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_4').length > 1 ) {          jQuery('.bwg_nav_cont_4').first().remove()        }        function spider_page_4(cur, x, y, load_more) {          if (typeof load_more == \"undefined\") {            var load_more = false;          }          if (jQuery(cur).hasClass('disabled')) {            return false;          }          var 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jQuery(that).parents(\".pagination-links\").data(\"pages-count\");            var current_url_param = jQuery(that).attr('data-url-info');            if (to_page > pages_count) {              to_page = 1;            }\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tspider_page_4(this, to_page, 0, 'numeric');\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn false;\t\t\t\t\t\t          }          return true;        }        jQuery('.bwg_load_btn_4').on('click', function () {            spider_page_4(this, 1, 1, true);            return false;        });      <\/script>      <\/span>                <\/div>        <\/form>        <style>          #bwg_container1_4 #bwg_container2_4 #spider_popup_overlay_4 {          background-color: #EEEEEE;          opacity: 0.60;          }          <\/style>        <div id=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading_4\" class=\"bwg_spider_popup_loading\"><\/div>        <div id=\"spider_popup_overlay_4\" class=\"spider_popup_overlay\" onclick=\"spider_destroypopup(1000)\"><\/div>        <input type=\"hidden\" id=\"bwg_random_seed_4\" value=\"1095402411\">                <\/div>    <\/div>    <script>      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {        if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {          if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_4\").height() ) {            bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_4\"));          }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_4\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_4\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Media<\/h2>\n\n\n<p>For images please turn to the <a href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/?page_id=80\">Gallery<\/a> page.<\/p>\n<p>The operation of the computer was shown in a one minute long footage in the series <a href=\"https:\/\/filmhiradokonline.hu\/en.php\">Hungarian World Newsreels<\/a> in November 1958. We embed the <a href=\"https:\/\/filmhiradokonline.hu\/watch.php?id=14666#\">original film<\/a> below.<\/p>\n\n\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/filmhiradokonline.hu\/player.php?id=14666\" width=\"465\" height=\"350\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n<p>The narration of this clip in English is:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The students often have to solve difficult mathematical problems at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Technical University. Prof. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kozma describes the first Hungarian automatic calculator, designed by him, and manufactured using domestic parts. The instructions of the machine is assigned on a punched sheet [&#8220;decal&#8221;\/&#8221;sticker&#8221; in original]. It solves several hours long computing tasks within minutes. The digits of the problem are entered via keys, the relays start to operate, and the small bulbs show the progress of the work. The typewriter on the control desk prints the result by itself.&nbsp; A quick check and it seems to be correct. The designer, the students, and even the machine can be satisfied.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical Specifications<\/h2>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Word length: 33 bits: 27 bits for the mantissa and 6 bits for the exponent (characteristic)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Memory:\n<ul>\n<li>Random access memory (RAM): 2 \u2219 12 words (in today\u2019s terms: 792 bits, or 99 bytes)<\/li>\n<li>Read-only memory (\u201chardwired ROM\u201d): a few constant values (the exact number and the values are still unknown)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Program memory (read-only): 45 instructions on an external punched card (12 bits per instruction) and further 15 \u2219 12 = 180 data bits per card<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Instruction set: 32 instructions, which most probably include:\n<ul>\n<li>addition<\/li>\n<li>subtraction<\/li>\n<li>multiplication (and probably division as well)<\/li>\n<li>comparisons (less than, greater than, equal to)<\/li>\n<li>data movement<\/li>\n<li>conditional instructions (branching)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Speed of execution: n\/a<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Clock frequency: most probably no clock signal was used (asynchronous machine)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">About Us<\/h2>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Team:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bal\u00e1zsfi, Di\u00e1na, PhD \u2013 Neurobiologist<br>N\u00e9meth, Kriszti\u00e1n, PhD &#8212; Computer scientist<br>Nyilas, Gergely S\u00e1ndor &#8212; Computer scientist<br>Vid, G\u00e1bor \u2013 Electrical engineer<\/p>\n\n\n<style id=\"bwg-style-5\">    #bwg_container1_5 #bwg_container2_5 .bwg-container-5.bwg-standard-thumbnails {      width: 1254px;              justify-content: center;        margin:0 auto !important;              background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00);            padding-left: 4px;      padding-top: 4px;      max-width: 100%;            }        #bwg_container1_5 #bwg_container2_5 .bwg-container-5.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item {    justify-content: flex-start;      max-width: 250px;          }    #bwg_container1_5 #bwg_container2_5 .bwg-container-5.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item a {       margin-right: 4px;       margin-bottom: 4px;    }    #bwg_container1_5 #bwg_container2_5 .bwg-container-5.bwg-standard-thumbnails .bwg-item0 {      padding: 0px;            background-color:rgba(0,0,0, 0.30);      border: 0px none #CCCCCC;      opacity: 1.00; 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Vid, D. Bal\u00e1zsfi, K. N\u00e9meth\"                   title=\"G. Vid, D. Bal\u00e1zsfi, K. N\u00e9meth\" \/>            <\/div>            <div class=\"\">                                                      <\/div>          <\/div>        <\/div>                <div class=\"bwg-title1\"><div class=\"bwg-title2\">G. Vid, D. Bal\u00e1zsfi, K. 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         }        }      } else {        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {          if( typeof bwg_main_ready == 'function' ) {            if ( jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_5\").height() ) {             bwg_main_ready(jQuery(\"#bwg_container1_5\"));            }          }        });      }    <\/script>    \n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We would like to thank Kendra Chilson, G\u00e1bor K\u00e9pes, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kiss and M\u00e1t\u00e9 Szab\u00f3 for their help.<\/p>\n<p>Reach us at:<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-379\" src=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/email.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"51\" srcset=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/email.jpg 200w, http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/email-150x38.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hungary\u2019s first operating digital programmable computer, the &#8220;MESZ I&#8221;, was completed in 1958. (The first operational electronic computer in Hungary was an M-3 vacuum tube computer somewhat redesigned and built in Budapest just a little bit after MESZ I) Currently the MESZ I can be visited in a museum in&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/?page_id=652\">Tov\u00e1bb<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-652","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=652"}],"version-history":[{"count":60,"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1009,"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/652\/revisions\/1009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/mesz-i.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}